SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7165 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    101538, 101539, 101540, 101541, 101542, 
    101543, 101544, 101545, 101546, 101628, 
    101629, 101630, 101631, 101632, 101633, 
    101634, 101678, 101679, 101680, 101681, 
    101740, 101741, 101742, 101743, 101854, 
    101855, 101856, 101857, 101858, 101859
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00479

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "63.28"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 70,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 70,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "7.29",
              "eval_cost": "7.00",
              "prefix_cost": "14.29",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (101538,101539,101540,101541,101542,101543,101544,101545,101546,101628,101629,101630,101631,101632,101633,101634,101678,101679,101680,101681,101740,101741,101742,101743,101854,101855,101856,101857,101858,101859))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 70,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "17.50",
              "eval_cost": "7.00",
              "prefix_cost": "38.79",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "17.50",
              "eval_cost": "0.35",
              "prefix_cost": "63.29",
              "data_read_per_join": "9K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
101538 7177M
101539 7177M
101540 7173M
101541 7173M
101542 7173M
101543 7179M
101544 7179M
101545 7176M
101546 7176M
101628 7283,7167M,7183
101629 7167M,7183,7283
101630 7183,7283,7167M
101631 7183,7283,7167M
101632 7183,7283,7167M
101633 7283,7183,7167M
101634 7176M
101678 7183,7167M,7283
101679 7167M,7183,7283
101680 7283,7183,7167M
101681 7283,7183,7167M
101740 7283,7183,7167M
101741 7283,7183,7167M
101742 7283,7183,7167M
101743 7283,7183,7167M
101854 7183,7283,7167M
101855 7183,7283,7167M
101856 7167M,7183,7283
101857 7283,7183,7167M
101858 7283,7183,7167M
101859 7283,7183,7167M