SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7156 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    97577, 97578, 97579, 97580, 97582, 97583, 
    97584, 97585, 97586, 97728, 97729, 
    97730, 97731, 97732, 97733, 97734, 
    97735, 97736, 97737, 97738, 97739, 
    97740, 97741, 97742, 97778, 97779, 
    97780, 97781, 97782, 97790
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00134

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "51.58"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 57,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 57,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "5.98",
              "eval_cost": "5.70",
              "prefix_cost": "11.68",
              "data_read_per_join": "912"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (97577,97578,97579,97580,97582,97583,97584,97585,97586,97728,97729,97730,97731,97732,97733,97734,97735,97736,97737,97738,97739,97740,97741,97742,97778,97779,97780,97781,97782,97790))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 57,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "14.25",
              "eval_cost": "5.70",
              "prefix_cost": "31.63",
              "data_read_per_join": "912"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "14.25",
              "eval_cost": "0.29",
              "prefix_cost": "51.58",
              "data_read_per_join": "7K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
97577 7341,7342,7343,7157M
97578 7341,7342,7343,7157M
97579 7341,7342,7343,7157M
97580 7341,7342,7343,7157M
97582 7341,7342,7343,7157M
97583 7341,7342,7343,7157M
97584 7341,7342,7343,7157M
97585 7341,7342,7343,7157M
97586 7341,7342,7343,7157M
97728 7194M
97729 7194M
97730 7194M
97731 7194M
97732 7194M
97733 7194M
97734 7194M
97735 7194M
97736 7194M
97737 7194M
97738 7194M
97739 7194M
97740 7194M
97741 7194M
97742 7194M
97778 7194M
97779 7194M
97780 7194M
97781 7194M
97782 7194M
97790 7194M