SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7156 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    98017, 98018, 98019, 98020, 98021, 98022, 
    98023, 98176, 98177, 98178, 98179, 
    98180, 98181, 98182, 98183, 98184, 
    98185, 98186, 98187, 98188, 98189, 
    98190, 98191, 98200, 98201, 98202, 
    98203, 98204, 98205, 98206
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.01915

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "89.39"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 99,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 99,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "10.20",
              "eval_cost": "9.90",
              "prefix_cost": "20.10",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (98017,98018,98019,98020,98021,98022,98023,98176,98177,98178,98179,98180,98181,98182,98183,98184,98185,98186,98187,98188,98189,98190,98191,98200,98201,98202,98203,98204,98205,98206))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 99,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "24.75",
              "eval_cost": "9.90",
              "prefix_cost": "54.75",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "24.75",
              "eval_cost": "0.50",
              "prefix_cost": "89.40",
              "data_read_per_join": "12K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
98017 7194M
98018 7194M
98019 7194M
98020 7194M
98021 7194M
98022 7194M
98023 7194M
98176 7157M,7342,7341,7343
98177 7157M,7342,7341,7343
98178 7343,7157M,7342,7341
98179 7157M,7342,7343,7341
98180 7341,7342,7343,7157M
98181 7343,7341,7157M,7342
98182 7157M,7343,7342,7341
98183 7341,7343,7157M,7342
98184 7342,7343,7157M,7341
98185 7342,7157M,7341,7343
98186 7343,7342,7341,7157M
98187 7343,7157M,7342,7341
98188 7341,7343,7157M,7342
98189 7341,7343,7342,7157M
98190 7157M,7341,7343,7342
98191 7157M,7343,7342,7341
98200 7342,7343,7341,7157M
98201 7341,7157M,7342,7343
98202 7341,7342,7343,7157M
98203 7343,7341,7342,7157M
98204 7342,7341,7157M,7343
98205 7342,7341,7157M,7343
98206 7342,7341,7157M,7343