SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7156 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    85594, 85564, 90025, 85575, 86889, 86895, 
    82359, 87888, 91844, 92185, 92382, 
    85561, 91856, 88910, 88909, 82370, 
    86893, 85553, 85559, 92172, 92358, 
    92359, 92360, 92361
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.01490

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "71.39"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 79,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 79,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "8.19",
              "eval_cost": "7.90",
              "prefix_cost": "16.09",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (85594,85564,90025,85575,86889,86895,82359,87888,91844,92185,92382,85561,91856,88910,88909,82370,86893,85553,85559,92172,92358,92359,92360,92361))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 79,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "19.75",
              "eval_cost": "7.90",
              "prefix_cost": "43.74",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "19.75",
              "eval_cost": "0.40",
              "prefix_cost": "71.39",
              "data_read_per_join": "10K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
82359 7157M,7156,7148 0
82370 7148,7157M,7156 0
85553 7157M,7342,7343,7341
85559 7341,7342,7157M,7343
85561 7342,7341,7157M,7343
85564 7341,7157M,7343,7342
85575 7157M,7342,7341,7343
85594 7343,7342,7157M,7341
86889 7342,7341,7343,7157M
86893 7343,7157M,7341,7342
86895 7148,7156,7157M 0
87888 7342,7343,7341,7157M
88909 7194M
88910 7194M
90025 7157M,7343,7341,7342
91844 7156,7148M,7157 0
91856 7156,7157,7148M 0
92172 7157,7156,7148M 0
92185 7342,7343,7157M,7341
92358 7148M,7157,7156 0
92359 7148M,7157,7156 0
92360 7157,7148M,7156 0
92361 7156,7148M,7157 0
92382 7148M,7156,7157 0