SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7257 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    99057, 99058, 99059, 99060, 99061, 99062, 
    99063, 99064, 99065, 99067, 99077, 
    99078, 99081, 99082, 99110, 99111, 
    99112, 99113, 99114, 99115, 99116, 
    99117, 99118, 99119, 99120, 99121, 
    99122, 99123, 99124, 99125
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.01134

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "70.49"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 78,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 78,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "8.09",
              "eval_cost": "7.80",
              "prefix_cost": "15.89",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (99057,99058,99059,99060,99061,99062,99063,99064,99065,99067,99077,99078,99081,99082,99110,99111,99112,99113,99114,99115,99116,99117,99118,99119,99120,99121,99122,99123,99124,99125))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 78,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "19.50",
              "eval_cost": "7.80",
              "prefix_cost": "43.19",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "19.50",
              "eval_cost": "0.39",
              "prefix_cost": "70.49",
              "data_read_per_join": "10K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
99057 7346,7309,7208M,7241
99058 7208M,7346,7309,7241
99059 7208M,7241,7346,7309
99060 7346,7241,7208M,7309
99061 7309,7346,7208M,7241
99062 7241,7309,7208M,7346
99063 7346,7241,7208M,7309
99064 7241,7309,7346,7208M
99065 7346,7309,7208M,7241
99067 7346,7309,7241,7208M
99077 7262,7256M
99078 7262,7256M
99081 7262,7256M
99082 7262,7256M
99110 7258M
99111 7345,7259M,7347
99112 7260M,7320
99113 7261M,7349
99114 7262,7256M
99115 7260M,7320
99116 7260M,7320
99117 7349,7261M
99118 7320,7260M
99119 7320,7260M
99120 7258M
99121 7258M
99122 7345,7259M,7347
99123 7258M
99124 7345,7259M,7347
99125 7258M