SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7156 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    98451, 98453, 98456, 98476, 98477, 98478, 
    98479, 98480, 98481, 98483, 98484, 
    98490, 98492, 98759, 98769, 98770, 
    98771, 98772, 98831, 98832, 98833, 
    98834, 98835, 98836, 98837, 98838, 
    98839, 98840, 98841, 98842
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.01694

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "75.89"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 84,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 84,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "8.69",
              "eval_cost": "8.40",
              "prefix_cost": "17.09",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (98451,98453,98456,98476,98477,98478,98479,98480,98481,98483,98484,98490,98492,98759,98769,98770,98771,98772,98831,98832,98833,98834,98835,98836,98837,98838,98839,98840,98841,98842))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 84,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "21.00",
              "eval_cost": "8.40",
              "prefix_cost": "46.49",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "21.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.42",
              "prefix_cost": "75.89",
              "data_read_per_join": "10K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
98451 7342,7157M,7341,7343
98453 7157M,7342,7341,7343
98456 7342,7341,7343,7157M
98476 7157M,7341,7343,7342
98477 7343,7342,7157M,7341
98478 7342,7343,7341,7157M
98479 7342,7343,7341,7157M
98480 7342,7341,7157M,7343
98481 7342,7157M,7341,7343
98483 7342,7343,7157M,7341
98484 7341,7343,7157M,7342
98490 7341,7342,7343,7157M
98492 7341,7342,7343,7157M
98759 7341,7343,7342,7157M
98769 7341,7157M,7343,7342
98770 7341,7157M,7343,7342
98771 7341,7157M,7342,7343
98772 7341,7343,7157M,7342
98831 7194M
98832 7194M
98833 7194M
98834 7194M
98835 7194M
98836 7194M
98837 7194M
98838 7194M
98839 7194M
98840 7194M
98841 7194M
98842 7194M