SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7156 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    87709, 87721, 87723, 87735, 88694, 88695, 
    88741, 88742, 92203, 92449, 92168, 
    86857, 85037, 91870, 91869, 91871, 
    91872, 91873, 91874, 91875, 85038, 
    92458, 92459, 92460
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00957

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "64.18"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 71,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 71,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "7.39",
              "eval_cost": "7.10",
              "prefix_cost": "14.49",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (87709,87721,87723,87735,88694,88695,88741,88742,92203,92449,92168,86857,85037,91870,91869,91871,91872,91873,91874,91875,85038,92458,92459,92460))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 71,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "17.75",
              "eval_cost": "7.10",
              "prefix_cost": "39.34",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "17.75",
              "eval_cost": "0.36",
              "prefix_cost": "64.19",
              "data_read_per_join": "9K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
85037 7157M,7343,7342,7341
85038 7157M,7343,7341,7342
86857 7343,7157M,7341,7342
87709 7194M
87721 7194M
87723 7194M
87735 7194M
88694 7194M
88695 7194M
88741 7194M
88742 7194M
91869 7342,7341,7157M,7343
91870 7343,7342,7157M,7341
91871 7343,7342,7341,7157M
91872 7342,7341,7157M,7343
91873 7342,7341,7343,7157M
91874 7341,7342,7343,7157M
91875 7341,7342,7157M,7343
92168 7156,7148M,7157 0
92203 7342,7341,7343,7157M
92449 7342,7343,7341,7157M
92458 7342,7343,7341,7157M
92459 7341,7343,7157M,7342
92460 7157M,7342,7341,7343