SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7257 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    101765, 101766, 101767, 101768, 101769, 
    101770, 101771, 101772, 101773, 101774, 
    101775, 101776, 101777, 101778, 101779, 
    101780, 101781, 101782, 101783, 101784, 
    101785, 101786, 101787, 101788
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.01553

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "86.69"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 96,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 96,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "9.89",
              "eval_cost": "9.60",
              "prefix_cost": "19.49",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (101765,101766,101767,101768,101769,101770,101771,101772,101773,101774,101775,101776,101777,101778,101779,101780,101781,101782,101783,101784,101785,101786,101787,101788))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 96,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "24.00",
              "eval_cost": "9.60",
              "prefix_cost": "53.09",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "24.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.48",
              "prefix_cost": "86.69",
              "data_read_per_join": "12K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
101765 7208M,7346,7309,7241
101766 7208M,7346,7309,7241
101767 7346,7241,7208M,7309
101768 7309,7346,7208M,7241
101769 7309,7346,7208M,7241
101770 7346,7309,7241,7208M
101771 7309,7241,7208M,7346
101772 7208M,7309,7241,7346
101773 7309,7241,7346,7208M
101774 7208M,7309,7346,7241
101775 7309,7208M,7346,7241
101776 7309,7346,7241,7208M
101777 7309,7241,7208M,7346
101778 7241,7309,7346,7208M
101779 7208M,7309,7241,7346
101780 7346,7309,7208M,7241
101781 7346,7309,7208M,7241
101782 7346,7309,7208M,7241
101783 7346,7208M,7241,7309
101784 7346,7309,7208M,7241
101785 7309,7208M,7241,7346
101786 7309,7208M,7241,7346
101787 7309,7208M,7346,7241
101788 7241,7346,7208M,7309