SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7184 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    83104, 84110, 90080, 83092, 92500, 84099, 
    86219, 89526, 89723, 90064, 89641, 
    91298, 83106, 91305, 84112, 89488, 
    89637, 92066, 92082, 83109, 83119, 
    85039, 91306, 91299, 91301, 83112, 
    83122, 83132, 89624, 90066
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00140

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "29.79"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 52,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 52,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "5.48",
              "eval_cost": "5.20",
              "prefix_cost": "10.68",
              "data_read_per_join": "832"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (83104,84110,90080,83092,92500,84099,86219,89526,89723,90064,89641,91298,83106,91305,84112,89488,89637,92066,92082,83109,83119,85039,91306,91299,91301,83112,83122,83132,89624,90066))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "13.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.26",
              "prefix_cost": "28.88",
              "data_read_per_join": "6K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "0.65",
              "eval_cost": "0.26",
              "prefix_cost": "29.79",
              "data_read_per_join": "41"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
83092 7185M
83104 7185M
83106 7184,7187M 0
83109 7186M
83112 7184,7187M 0
83119 7186M
83122 7184,7187M 0
83132 7184,7187M 0
84099 7185M
84110 7185M
84112 7184,7187M 0
85039 7341,7342,7343,7157M
86219 7186M
89488 7184,7187M 0
89526 7184,7187M 0
89624 7184,7187M 0
89637 7184M 0
89641 7184,7187M 0
89723 7186M
90064 7184,7187M 0
90066 7184,7187M 0
90080 7184,7187M 0
91298 7187,7184M 0
91299 7186M
91301 7187,7184M 0
91305 7187,7184M 0
91306 7187,7184M 0
92066 7188M
92082 7188M
92500 7341,7342,7343,7157M