SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7207 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    84706, 91053, 88941, 88512, 88141, 88144, 
    88939, 90126, 90129, 84702, 84705, 
    91052, 84697, 84698, 88946, 88947, 
    88948, 88140, 88143, 88508, 87890, 
    88943, 88944, 88945
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00596

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "77.69"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 86,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 86,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "8.89",
              "eval_cost": "8.60",
              "prefix_cost": "17.49",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (84706,91053,88941,88512,88141,88144,88939,90126,90129,84702,84705,91052,84697,84698,88946,88947,88948,88140,88143,88508,87890,88943,88944,88945))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 86,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "21.50",
              "eval_cost": "8.60",
              "prefix_cost": "47.59",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "21.50",
              "eval_cost": "0.43",
              "prefix_cost": "77.69",
              "data_read_per_join": "11K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
84697 7309,7208M,7346,7241
84698 7309,7208M,7346,7241
84702 7309,7208M,7346,7241
84705 7346,7241,7208M,7309
84706 7309,7346,7241,7208M
87890 7241,7309,7208M,7346
88140 7208M,7309,7241,7346
88141 7208M,7309,7241,7346
88143 7309,7208M,7346,7241
88144 7241,7309,7208M,7346
88508 7241,7309,7346,7208M
88512 7241,7208M,7346,7309
88939 7346,7309,7241,7208M
88941 7241,7208M,7309,7346
88943 7208M,7207,7148 0
88944 7148,7207,7208M 0
88945 7148,7208M,7207 0
88946 7148,7208M,7207 0
88947 7208M,7148,7207 0
88948 7208M,7148,7207 0
90126 7148,7207M 0
90129 7207M,7148 0
91052 7346,7241,7309,7208M
91053 7309,7208M,7241,7346