SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7300 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    82413, 86337, 86336, 92555, 92558, 92559, 
    92593, 92594, 92595, 92596, 94023, 
    94449, 94696, 94697, 94705, 94706, 
    94707, 94708, 96295, 96298, 96706, 
    96707, 96708, 96709
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00128

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "38.07"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 42,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 42,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "4.48",
              "eval_cost": "4.20",
              "prefix_cost": "8.68",
              "data_read_per_join": "672"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (82413,86337,86336,92555,92558,92559,92593,92594,92595,92596,94023,94449,94696,94697,94705,94706,94707,94708,96295,96298,96706,96707,96708,96709))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 42,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "10.50",
              "eval_cost": "4.20",
              "prefix_cost": "23.38",
              "data_read_per_join": "672"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "10.50",
              "eval_cost": "0.21",
              "prefix_cost": "38.08",
              "data_read_per_join": "5K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
82413 7143,7300,7306M 0
86336 7143,7300,7306M 0
86337 7143,7300,7306M 0
92555 7302M
92558 7304M
92559 7304M
92593 7303,7161M
92594 7303,7161M
92595 7303,7161M
92596 7303,7161M
94023 7301,7151M
94449 7304M
94696 7301,7151M
94697 7301,7151M
94705 7302M
94706 7302M
94707 7303,7161M
94708 7303,7161M
96295 7301,7151M
96298 7301,7151M
96706 7302M
96707 7302M
96708 7301,7151M
96709 7304M