SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7225 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    90268, 91884, 90264, 91900, 90266, 90273, 
    90844, 91311, 91313, 91315, 90267, 
    90274, 85649, 85650, 85651, 82430, 
    82431, 82433, 91896, 90272, 86076, 
    86079, 86080, 90794, 90271, 90795, 
    91312, 91314, 91316, 86077
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.01508

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "67.79"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 75,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 75,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "7.79",
              "eval_cost": "7.50",
              "prefix_cost": "15.29",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (90268,91884,90264,91900,90266,90273,90844,91311,91313,91315,90267,90274,85649,85650,85651,82430,82431,82433,91896,90272,86076,86079,86080,90794,90271,90795,91312,91314,91316,86077))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 75,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "18.75",
              "eval_cost": "7.50",
              "prefix_cost": "41.54",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "18.75",
              "eval_cost": "0.38",
              "prefix_cost": "67.79",
              "data_read_per_join": "9K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
82430 7225M,7226 0
82431 7225M,7226 0
82433 7226,7225M 0
85649 7183,7167M,7283
85650 7167M,7183,7283
85651 7283,7183,7167M
86076 7225M,7226 0
86077 7225M,7226 0
86079 7225M,7226 0
86080 7225M,7226 0
90264 7183,7283,7167M
90266 7183,7283,7167M
90267 7183,7283,7167M
90268 7183,7283,7167M
90271 7226,7225M 0
90272 7225M,7226 0
90273 7283,7167M,7183
90274 7283,7167M,7183
90794 7225M,7226 0
90795 7225M,7226 0
90844 7226,7225M 0
91311 7283,7167M,7183
91312 7183,7283,7167M
91313 7167M,7283,7183
91314 7167M,7183,7283
91315 7167M,7183,7283
91316 7183,7167M,7283
91884 7226,7225M 0
91896 7226,7225M 0
91900 7226,7225M 0