SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 7225 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    100976, 100977, 100978, 100979, 100980, 
    100981, 100982, 100983, 100984, 100988, 
    101102, 101103, 101104, 101628, 101629, 
    101630, 101631, 101632, 101633, 101678, 
    101679, 101680, 101681, 101740, 101741, 
    101742, 101743, 101854, 101855, 101856
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.01602

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "78.59"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 87,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 87,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "8.99",
              "eval_cost": "8.70",
              "prefix_cost": "17.69",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (100976,100977,100978,100979,100980,100981,100982,100983,100984,100988,101102,101103,101104,101628,101629,101630,101631,101632,101633,101678,101679,101680,101681,101740,101741,101742,101743,101854,101855,101856))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 87,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "21.75",
              "eval_cost": "8.70",
              "prefix_cost": "48.14",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "nuie_scalesta_net.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "21.75",
              "eval_cost": "0.44",
              "prefix_cost": "78.59",
              "data_read_per_join": "11K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`nuie_scalesta_net`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
100976 7283,7167M,7183
100977 7167M,7283,7183
100978 7167M,7283,7183
100979 7225M,7226 0
100980 7225M,7226 0
100981 7225M,7226 0
100982 7283,7167M,7183
100983 7183,7283,7167M
100984 7283,7183,7167M
100988 7183,7283,7167M
101102 7167M,7183,7283
101103 7167M,7283,7183
101104 7167M,7283,7183
101628 7167M,7283,7183
101629 7183,7283,7167M
101630 7183,7283,7167M
101631 7167M,7283,7183
101632 7167M,7283,7183
101633 7167M,7283,7183
101678 7283,7183,7167M
101679 7167M,7283,7183
101680 7167M,7283,7183
101681 7283,7167M,7183
101740 7183,7167M,7283
101741 7183,7167M,7283
101742 7183,7167M,7283
101743 7167M,7283,7183
101854 7167M,7283,7183
101855 7183,7283,7167M
101856 7167M,7183,7283